Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)
AD/HD: Fact, or Fad?
Recently, the labels "AD/HD" or "ADD" have been buzzing around schoolrooms and families, generating a lot of attention and concern. Some feel that the diagnoses are overused and that many children with behavioral problems are being unnecessarily medicated. Other families are finding relief in knowing that there may be an underlying neurological explanation for their child's behavior, and that medication may help. Many are still wondering: what are the facts about AD/HD and how can I learn more about this disorder?
AD/HD is a neurologically-based disability, thus parents and teachers do not CAUSE AD/HD; however, there are many things that they can do to manage the problems related to AD/HD. Most research indicates that individuals with AD/HD suffer from a neurotransmitter imbalance or deficiency that may be genetically transmitted. These brain chemicals are known to regulate behavior and when they are out of balance, certain behavior problems result:
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Short attention span, easily pulled off-task
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Difficulty concentrating on routine or boring tasks
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Failing to pay attention to details
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Does not seem to listen when given directions
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Problems with organization and planning
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Forgetful in day-to-day activities
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Fidgety and squirmy
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Subjective feelings of restlessness
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Always "on-the-go"
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Talks excessively
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Often acts before thinking
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Problems with turn-taking
Now, you may be thinking - "Don't all children exhibit these behaviors from time to time?" And you are right. The difference between a child with AD/HD and one without is that these problematic behaviors are more the rule than the exception. Furthermore, the problems are found in all settings (home, school, with friends) and symptoms are apparent before age seven. Until a thorough evaluation is completed by a well-trained professional, you can only assume that the child might have AD/HD. If an evaluation does confirm a diagnosis of AD/HD, there are many courses for treatment including: medication, behavior therapy, and family therapy.
Adapted from: Fowler, M. (1994). Briefing Paper: Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. NICHCY
Adults With AD/HD
As more and more information is being discovered about AD/HD, more and more adults are realizing that the same cluster of symptoms pertain to their own lives: trouble attending, restlessness, impulsivity, moodiness, disorganization, low frustration tolerance, and excessive temper.
Adults with AD/HD often find that the disorder affects their ability to work, to go to school, and to function in relationships. When these adults have gone through their whole lives without being diagnosed, they have usually experienced a great deal of shame and self-blame for their problems. These adults find that education, support and sometimes psychotherapy are beneficial in coping with these issues. Medication may also be appropriate for some adults with AD/HD. The Americans with Disabilities Act covers individuals with AD/HD, thus it is important to know and exercise these rights.
Managing AD/HD In Families
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Gain knowledge about AD/HD by reading books and consulting with well-trained professionals.
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Catch the the individual with AD/HD doing things well and give them lots of encouragement.
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Develop realistic expectations and help the individual cultivate special areas of competence.
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If you are a parent of an AD/HD child, consider a Parent Support Group (Call CH.A.D.D. - Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorders, national headquarters 305-587-3700 for groups in your area)
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Seek a medication evaluation from a physician trained in the area of AD/HD.
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Consider advocating for accommodations in the classroom to maximize success.
Additional Reading
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Barkley, R. (1995) Taking Charge of ADD. New York: The Guilford Press.
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Davis, L., Sirotowitz, & Parker, H. (1996). Study Strategies Made Easy. Plantation, FL: Specialty Press.
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Dendy, C. (1995) Teenagers with ADD: A Parent's Guide. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine.
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Hallowell & Ratey (1994) Driven to Distraction: Recognizing and Coping with Attention Deficit Disorder from Childhood through Adulthood. New York: Pantheon. Also: Answers to Distraction.
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Hartmann, T. (1993). Attention Deficit Disorder: A Different Perception. Novato, CA: Underwood-Miller.
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Markel & Greenbaum (1996). Performance Breakthrough for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities or ADD. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
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